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23 <title>Tree Calculation</title>
27 <strong>Calculation of trees from alignments</strong>
30 Trees are calculated on either the complete alignment, or just the
31 currently selected group of sequences, using the functions in the <strong>Calculate→Calculate
32 tree</strong> submenu. Once calculated, trees are displayed in a new <a
33 href="../calculations/treeviewer.html">tree viewing
34 window</a>. There are four different calculations, using one of two
35 distance measures and constructing the tree from one of two
39 <strong>Distance Measures</strong>
41 <p>Trees are calculated on the basis of a measure of similarity
42 between each pair of sequences in the alignment :
44 <li><strong>PID</strong><br>The percentage identity
45 between the two sequences at each aligned position.
47 <li>PID = Number of equivalent aligned non-gap symbols *
48 100 / Smallest number of non-gap positions in either of both
49 sequences<br> <em>This is essentially the 'number of
50 identical bases (or residues) per 100 base pairs (or
54 <li><strong>BLOSUM62, PAM250, DNA</strong><br />These options
55 use one of the available substitution matrices to compute a sum of
56 scores for the residue pairs at each aligned position.
58 <li>For details about each model, see the <a
59 href="scorematrices.html">list of built-in score
63 <li><strong>Sequence Feature Similarity</strong><br>Trees
64 are constructed from a distance matrix formed from Jaccard
65 distances between sequence features observed at each column of the
68 <li>Similarity at column <em>i</em> = (Total number of
69 features displayed - Sum of number of features in common at <em>i</em>)
70 <br />Similarities are summed over all columns and divided by
71 the number of columns. <br />Since the total number of
72 feature types is constant over all columns of the alignment,
73 we do not scale the matrix, so tree distances can be
74 interpreted as the average number of features that differ over
75 all sites in the aligned region.
78 </ul> Distances are computed based on the currently displayed feature
79 types. Sequences with similar distributions of features of the
80 same type will be grouped together in trees computed with this
81 metric. <em>This measure was introduced in Jalview 2.9</em></li>
84 <strong>Tree Construction Methods</strong>
86 <p>Jalview currently supports two kinds of agglomerative
87 clustering methods. These are not intended to substitute for
88 rigorous phylogenetic tree construction, and may fail on very large
91 <li><strong>UPGMA tree</strong><br> UPGMA stands for
92 Unweighted Pair-Group Method using Arithmetic averages. Clusters
93 are iteratively formed and extended by finding a non-member
94 sequence with the lowest average dissimilarity over the cluster
97 <li><strong>Neighbour Joining tree</strong><br> First
98 described in 1987 by Saitou and Nei, this method applies a greedy
99 algorithm to find the tree with the shortest branch lengths.<br>
100 This method, as implemented in Jalview, is considerably more
101 expensive than UPGMA.</li>
104 A newly calculated tree will be displayed in a new <a
105 href="../calculations/treeviewer.html">tree viewing
106 window</a>. In addition, a new entry with the same tree viewer window
107 name will be added in the Sort menu so that the alignment can be
108 reordered to reflect the ordering of the leafs of the tree. If the
109 tree was calculated on a selected region of the alignment, then the
110 title of the tree view will reflect this.
114 <strong>External Sources for Phylogenetic Trees</strong>
117 A number of programs exist for the reliable construction of
118 phylogenetic trees, which can cope with large numbers of sequences,
119 use better distance methods and can perform bootstrapping. Jalview
121 href="http://evolution.genetics.washington.edu/phylip/newick_doc.html">Newick</a>
122 format tree files using the 'Load Associated Tree' entry of the
123 alignment's File menu. Sequences in the alignment will be
124 automatically associated to nodes in the tree, by matching Sequence
125 IDs to the tree's leaf names.