// Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
//
// Contact: phylosoft @ gmail . com
-// WWW: www.phylosoft.org
+// WWW: https://sites.google.com/site/cmzmasek/home/software/forester
package org.forester.sdi;
import java.util.Map;
import org.forester.phylogeny.Phylogeny;
+import org.forester.phylogeny.PhylogenyMethods;
import org.forester.phylogeny.PhylogenyNode;
+import org.forester.phylogeny.data.Event;
import org.forester.phylogeny.data.Taxonomy;
import org.forester.phylogeny.iterators.PhylogenyNodeIterator;
+import org.forester.sdi.SDIutil.TaxonomyComparisonBase;
import org.forester.util.ForesterUtil;
-public abstract class SDI {
+/*
+ * Implements our algorithm for speciation - duplication inference (SDI). <p>
+ * Reference: </p> <ul> <li>Zmasek, C.M. and Eddy, S.R. (2001) "A simple
+ * algorithm to infer gene duplication and speciation events on a gene tree".
+ * Bioinformatics, in press. </ul> <p> The initialization is accomplished by:
+ * </p> <ul> <li>method "linkExtNodesOfG()" of class SDI: setting the links for
+ * the external nodes of the gene tree <li>"preorderReID(int)" from class
+ * Phylogeny: numbering of nodes of the species tree in preorder <li>the
+ * optional stripping of the species tree is accomplished by method
+ * "stripTree(Phylogeny,Phylogeny)" of class Phylogeny </ul> <p> The recursion
+ * part is accomplished by this class' method
+ * "geneTreePostOrderTraversal(PhylogenyNode)". <p> Requires JDK 1.2 or greater.
+ *
+ * @see SDI#linkNodesOfG()
+ *
+ * @see Phylogeny#preorderReID(int)
+ *
+ * @see
+ * PhylogenyMethods#taxonomyBasedDeletionOfExternalNodes(Phylogeny,Phylogeny)
+ *
+ * @see #geneTreePostOrderTraversal(PhylogenyNode)
+ *
+ * @author Christian M. Zmasek
+ *
+ * @version 1.102 -- last modified: 10/02/01
+ */
+public class SDI {
final Phylogeny _gene_tree;
final Phylogeny _species_tree;
/**
* Constructor which sets the gene tree and the species tree to be compared.
* species_tree is the species tree to which the gene tree gene_tree will be
- * compared to.
- * Infers for each PhylogenyNode of gene_tree whether
- * it represents a speciation or duplication event by calculating and
- * interpreting the mapping function M. The most parsimonious sequence of
- * speciation and duplication events is assumed.
- * The mapping cost L can be
- * calculated with method "computeMappingCost()".
+ * compared to - with method "infer(boolean)". Both Trees must be completely
+ * binary and rooted. The actual inference is accomplished with method
+ * "infer(boolean)". The mapping cost L can then be calculated with method
+ * "computeMappingCost()".
* <p>
- * Conditions:
- * </p>
- * <ul>
- * <li>Both Trees must be rooted
- * <li>Both Trees must have species names in the species name fields of all
- * their external nodes
- * </ul>
- *
+ * (Last modified: 01/11/01)
+ *
+ * @see #infer(boolean)
+ * @see SDI#computeMappingCostL()
* @param gene_tree
* reference to a rooted binary gene Phylogeny to which assign
* duplication vs speciation, must have species names in the
* reference to a rooted binary species Phylogeny which might get
* stripped in the process, must have species names in the
* species name fields for all external nodes
+ * @throws SDIException
*/
- public SDI( final Phylogeny gene_tree, final Phylogeny species_tree ) {
+ public SDI( final Phylogeny gene_tree, final Phylogeny species_tree ) throws SDIException {
if ( species_tree.isEmpty() || gene_tree.isEmpty() ) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException( "attempt to infer duplications using empty tree(s)" );
}
- if ( !gene_tree.isRooted() ) {
- throw new IllegalArgumentException( "attempt to infer duplications on unrooted gene tree" );
- }
if ( !species_tree.isRooted() ) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException( "attempt to infer duplications on unrooted species tree" );
}
_gene_tree = gene_tree;
_species_tree = species_tree;
- _duplications_sum = 0;
_mapping_cost = -1;
+ _duplications_sum = 0;
+ PhylogenyMethods.preOrderReId( getSpeciesTree() );
+ linkNodesOfG();
+ geneTreePostOrderTraversal( getGeneTree().getRoot() );
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Computes the cost of mapping the gene tree gene_tree onto the species
+ * tree species_tree. Before this method can be called, the mapping has to
+ * be calculated with method "infer(boolean)".
+ * <p>
+ * Reference. Zhang, L. (1997) On a Mirkin-Muchnik-Smith Conjecture for
+ * Comparing Molecular Phylogenies. Journal of Computational Biology 4
+ * 177-187.
+ *
+ * @return the mapping cost "L"
+ */
+ public int computeMappingCostL() {
+ _species_tree.levelOrderReID();
+ _mapping_cost = 0;
+ computeMappingCostHelper( _gene_tree.getRoot() );
+ return _mapping_cost;
}
+ /**
+ * Returns the number of duplications.
+ *
+ * @return number of duplications
+ */
+ public int getDuplicationsSum() {
+ return _duplications_sum;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Returns the gene tree.
+ *
+ * @return gene tree
+ */
+ public Phylogeny getGeneTree() {
+ return _gene_tree;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Returns the species tree.
+ *
+ * @return species tree
+ */
+ public Phylogeny getSpeciesTree() {
+ return _species_tree;
+ }
+
+ @Override
+ public String toString() {
+ final StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+ sb.append( getClass() );
+ sb.append( ForesterUtil.LINE_SEPARATOR );
+ sb.append( "Duplications sum : " + getDuplicationsSum() );
+ sb.append( ForesterUtil.LINE_SEPARATOR );
+ sb.append( "mapping cost L : " + computeMappingCostL() );
+ return sb.toString();
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Traverses the subtree of PhylogenyNode g in postorder, calculating the
+ * mapping function M, and determines which nodes represent speciation
+ * events and which ones duplication events.
+ * <p>
+ * Preconditions: Mapping M for external nodes must have been calculated and
+ * the species tree must be labelled in preorder.
+ * <p>
+ * (Last modified: 01/11/01)
+ *
+ * @param g
+ * starting node of a gene tree - normally the root
+ */
+ void geneTreePostOrderTraversal( final PhylogenyNode g ) {
+ PhylogenyNode a, b;
+ if ( !g.isExternal() ) {
+ geneTreePostOrderTraversal( g.getChildNode( 0 ) );
+ geneTreePostOrderTraversal( g.getChildNode( 1 ) );
+ a = g.getChildNode( 0 ).getLink();
+ b = g.getChildNode( 1 ).getLink();
+ while ( a != b ) {
+ if ( a.getId() > b.getId() ) {
+ a = a.getParent();
+ }
+ else {
+ b = b.getParent();
+ }
+ }
+ g.setLink( a );
+ // Determines whether dup. or spec.
+ Event event = null;
+ if ( ( a == g.getChildNode( 0 ).getLink() ) || ( a == g.getChildNode( 1 ).getLink() ) ) {
+ event = Event.createSingleDuplicationEvent();
+ ++_duplications_sum;
+ }
+ else {
+ event = Event.createSingleSpeciationEvent();
+ }
+ g.getNodeData().setEvent( event );
+ }
+ } // geneTreePostOrderTraversal( PhylogenyNode )
+
+ /**
+ * Calculates the mapping function for the external nodes of the gene tree:
+ * links (sets the field "link" of PhylogenyNode) each external
+ * PhylogenyNode of gene_tree to the external PhylogenyNode of species_tree
+ * which has the same species name.
+ * @throws SDIException
+ */
+ final void linkNodesOfG() throws SDIException {
+ final Map<String, PhylogenyNode> speciestree_ext_nodes = new HashMap<String, PhylogenyNode>();
+ final TaxonomyComparisonBase tax_comp_base = determineTaxonomyComparisonBase();
+ // Put references to all external nodes of the species tree into a map.
+ // Stringyfied taxonomy is the key, node is the value.
+ for( final PhylogenyNodeIterator iter = _species_tree.iteratorExternalForward(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
+ final PhylogenyNode s = iter.next();
+ final String tax_str = SDIutil.taxonomyToString( s, tax_comp_base );
+ if ( speciestree_ext_nodes.containsKey( tax_str ) ) {
+ throw new IllegalArgumentException( "taxonomy [" + s.getNodeData().getTaxonomy()
+ + "] is not unique in species phylogeny" );
+ }
+ speciestree_ext_nodes.put( tax_str, s );
+ }
+ // Retrieve the reference to the node with a matching stringyfied taxonomy.
+ for( final PhylogenyNodeIterator iter = _gene_tree.iteratorExternalForward(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
+ final PhylogenyNode g = iter.next();
+ final String tax_str = SDIutil.taxonomyToString( g, tax_comp_base );
+ final PhylogenyNode s = speciestree_ext_nodes.get( tax_str );
+ if ( s == null ) {
+ throw new IllegalArgumentException( "taxonomy [" + g.getNodeData().getTaxonomy()
+ + "] not present in species tree" );
+ }
+ g.setLink( s );
+ }
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Updates the mapping function M after the root of the gene tree has been
+ * moved by one branch. It calculates M for the root of the gene tree and
+ * one of its two children.
+ * <p>
+ * To be used ONLY by method "SDIunrooted.fastInfer(Phylogeny,Phylogeny)".
+ * <p>
+ * (Last modfied: 10/02/01)
+ *
+ * @param prev_root_was_dup
+ * true if the previous root was a duplication, false otherwise
+ * @param prev_root_c1
+ * child 1 of the previous root
+ * @param prev_root_c2
+ * child 2 of the previous root
+ * @return number of duplications which have been assigned in gene tree
+ */
+ int updateM( final boolean prev_root_was_dup, final PhylogenyNode prev_root_c1, final PhylogenyNode prev_root_c2 ) {
+ final PhylogenyNode root = getGeneTree().getRoot();
+ if ( ( root.getChildNode1() == prev_root_c1 ) || ( root.getChildNode2() == prev_root_c1 ) ) {
+ calculateMforNode( prev_root_c1 );
+ }
+ else {
+ calculateMforNode( prev_root_c2 );
+ }
+ Event event = null;
+ if ( prev_root_was_dup ) {
+ event = Event.createSingleDuplicationEvent();
+ }
+ else {
+ event = Event.createSingleSpeciationEvent();
+ }
+ root.getNodeData().setEvent( event );
+ calculateMforNode( root );
+ return getDuplicationsSum();
+ } // updateM( boolean, PhylogenyNode, PhylogenyNode )
+
+ // Helper method for updateM( boolean, PhylogenyNode, PhylogenyNode )
+ // Calculates M for PhylogenyNode n, given that M for the two children
+ // of n has been calculated.
+ // (Last modified: 10/02/01)
+ private void calculateMforNode( final PhylogenyNode n ) {
+ if ( !n.isExternal() ) {
+ final boolean was_duplication = n.isDuplication();
+ PhylogenyNode a = n.getChildNode1().getLink();
+ PhylogenyNode b = n.getChildNode2().getLink();
+ while ( a != b ) {
+ if ( a.getId() > b.getId() ) {
+ a = a.getParent();
+ }
+ else {
+ b = b.getParent();
+ }
+ }
+ n.setLink( a );
+ Event event = null;
+ if ( ( a == n.getChildNode1().getLink() ) || ( a == n.getChildNode2().getLink() ) ) {
+ event = Event.createSingleDuplicationEvent();
+ if ( !was_duplication ) {
+ ++_duplications_sum;
+ }
+ }
+ else {
+ event = Event.createSingleSpeciationEvent();
+ if ( was_duplication ) {
+ --_duplications_sum;
+ }
+ }
+ n.getNodeData().setEvent( event );
+ }
+ } // calculateMforNode( PhylogenyNode )
+
// Helper method for "computeMappingCost()".
private void computeMappingCostHelper( final PhylogenyNode g ) {
if ( !g.isExternal() ) {
computeMappingCostHelper( g.getChildNode1() );
computeMappingCostHelper( g.getChildNode2() );
if ( ( g.getLink() != g.getChildNode1().getLink() ) && ( g.getLink() != g.getChildNode2().getLink() ) ) {
- _mapping_cost += ( g.getChildNode1().getLink().getId() + g.getChildNode2().getLink().getId()
+ _mapping_cost += ( ( g.getChildNode1().getLink().getId() + g.getChildNode2().getLink().getId() )
- ( 2 * g.getLink().getId() ) - 2 );
}
else if ( ( g.getLink() != g.getChildNode1().getLink() ) && ( g.getLink() == g.getChildNode2().getLink() ) ) {
- _mapping_cost += ( g.getChildNode1().getLink().getId() - g.getLink().getId() + 1 );
+ _mapping_cost += ( ( g.getChildNode1().getLink().getId() - g.getLink().getId() ) + 1 );
}
else if ( ( g.getLink() == g.getChildNode1().getLink() ) && ( g.getLink() != g.getChildNode2().getLink() ) ) {
- _mapping_cost += ( g.getChildNode2().getLink().getId() - g.getLink().getId() + 1 );
+ _mapping_cost += ( ( g.getChildNode2().getLink().getId() - g.getLink().getId() ) + 1 );
}
else {
_mapping_cost++;
}
}
- /**
- * Computes the cost of mapping the gene tree gene_tree onto the species
- * tree species_tree. Before this method can be called, the mapping has to
- * be calculated with method "infer(boolean)".
- * <p>
- * Reference. Zhang, L. (1997) On a Mirkin-Muchnik-Smith Conjecture for
- * Comparing Molecular Phylogenies. Journal of Computational Biology 4
- * 177-187.
- *
- * @return the mapping cost "L"
- */
- public int computeMappingCostL() {
- _species_tree.levelOrderReID();
- _mapping_cost = 0;
- computeMappingCostHelper( _gene_tree.getRoot() );
- return _mapping_cost;
- }
-
private TaxonomyComparisonBase determineTaxonomyComparisonBase() {
TaxonomyComparisonBase base = null;
boolean all_have_id = true;
}
/**
- * Returns the number of duplications.
- *
- * @return number of duplications
- */
- public int getDuplicationsSum() {
- return _duplications_sum;
- }
-
- /**
- * Returns the gene tree.
- *
- * @return gene tree
- */
- public Phylogeny getGeneTree() {
- return _gene_tree;
- }
-
- /**
- * Returns the species tree.
- *
- * @return species tree
- */
- public Phylogeny getSpeciesTree() {
- return _species_tree;
- }
-
- /**
- * Calculates the mapping function for the external nodes of the gene tree:
- * links (sets the field "link" of PhylogenyNode) each external
- * PhylogenyNode of gene_tree to the external PhylogenyNode of species_tree
- * which has the same species name.
- * @throws SDIException
- */
- void linkNodesOfG() throws SDIException {
- final Map<String, PhylogenyNode> speciestree_ext_nodes = new HashMap<String, PhylogenyNode>();
- final TaxonomyComparisonBase tax_comp_base = determineTaxonomyComparisonBase();
- // Put references to all external nodes of the species tree into a map.
- // Stringyfied taxonomy is the key, node is the value.
- for( final PhylogenyNodeIterator iter = _species_tree.iteratorExternalForward(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
- final PhylogenyNode s = iter.next();
- final String tax_str = taxonomyToString( s, tax_comp_base );
- if ( speciestree_ext_nodes.containsKey( tax_str ) ) {
- throw new IllegalArgumentException( "taxonomy [" + s.getNodeData().getTaxonomy()
- + "] is not unique in species phylogeny" );
- }
- speciestree_ext_nodes.put( tax_str, s );
- }
- // Retrieve the reference to the node with a matching stringyfied taxonomy.
- for( final PhylogenyNodeIterator iter = _gene_tree.iteratorExternalForward(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
- final PhylogenyNode g = iter.next();
- final String tax_str = taxonomyToString( g, tax_comp_base );
- final PhylogenyNode s = speciestree_ext_nodes.get( tax_str );
- if ( s == null ) {
- throw new IllegalArgumentException( "taxonomy [" + g.getNodeData().getTaxonomy()
- + "] not present in species tree" );
- }
- g.setLink( s );
- }
- }
-
- /**
* Calculates the mapping function for the external nodes of the gene tree:
* links (sets the field "link" of PhylogenyNode) each external by taxonomy
* identifier
* which has the same species name.
* Olivier CHABROL : olivier.chabrol@univ-provence.fr
*/
- void linkNodesOfGByTaxonomyIdentifier() {
+ private final void linkNodesOfGByTaxonomyIdentifier() {
final HashMap<String, PhylogenyNode> speciestree_ext_nodes = new HashMap<String, PhylogenyNode>();
if ( _species_tree.getFirstExternalNode().isRoot() ) {
speciestree_ext_nodes.put( _species_tree.getFirstExternalNode().getNodeData().getTaxonomy().getIdentifier()
- .getValue(), _species_tree.getFirstExternalNode() );
+ .getValue(), _species_tree.getFirstExternalNode() );
}
else {
for( final PhylogenyNodeIterator iter = _species_tree.iteratorExternalForward(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
g.setLink( s );
}
}
-
- @Override
- public String toString() {
- final StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
- sb.append( getClass() );
- sb.append( ForesterUtil.LINE_SEPARATOR );
- sb.append( "Duplications sum : " + getDuplicationsSum() );
- sb.append( ForesterUtil.LINE_SEPARATOR );
- sb.append( "mapping cost L : " + computeMappingCostL() );
- return sb.toString();
- }
-
- static String taxonomyToString( final PhylogenyNode n, final TaxonomyComparisonBase base ) {
- final Taxonomy tax = n.getNodeData().getTaxonomy();
- switch ( base ) {
- case ID:
- return tax.getIdentifier().getValue();
- case CODE:
- return tax.getTaxonomyCode();
- case SCIENTIFIC_NAME:
- return tax.getScientificName();
- default:
- throw new IllegalArgumentException( "unknown comparison base for taxonomies: " + base );
- }
- }
-
- public enum TaxonomyComparisonBase {
- ID, CODE, SCIENTIFIC_NAME
- }
-}
+} // End of class SDIse.
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