update author list in license for (JAL-826)
[jalview.git] / src / jalview / util / BrowserLauncher.java
index 5404c77..9014de2 100755 (executable)
-/********************
- * 2004 Jalview Reengineered
- * Barton Group
- * Dundee University
- *
- * AM Waterhouse
- *******************/
-
+/*
+ * Jalview - A Sequence Alignment Editor and Viewer (Version 2.7)
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 J Procter, AM Waterhouse, J Engelhardt, LM Lui, G Barton, M Clamp, S Searle
+ * 
+ * This file is part of Jalview.
+ * 
+ * Jalview is free software: you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License 
+ * as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ * 
+ * Jalview is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but 
+ * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty 
+ * of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR 
+ * PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ * 
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with Jalview.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
 package jalview.util;
 
-import java.io.File;
-import java.io.IOException;
-import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
-import java.lang.reflect.Field;
-import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
-import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.io.*;
+import java.lang.reflect.*;
 
 /**
- * BrowserLauncher is a class that provides one static method, openURL, which opens the default
- * web browser for the current user of the system to the given URL.  It may support other
- * protocols depending on the system -- mailto, ftp, etc. -- but that has not been rigorously
- * tested and is not guaranteed to work.
+ * BrowserLauncher is a class that provides one static method, openURL, which
+ * opens the default web browser for the current user of the system to the given
+ * URL. It may support other protocols depending on the system -- mailto, ftp,
+ * etc. -- but that has not been rigorously tested and is not guaranteed to
+ * work.
  * <p>
- * Yes, this is platform-specific code, and yes, it may rely on classes on certain platforms
- * that are not part of the standard JDK.  What we're trying to do, though, is to take something
- * that's frequently desirable but inherently platform-specific -- opening a default browser --
- * and allow programmers (you, for example) to do so without worrying about dropping into native
- * code or doing anything else similarly evil.
+ * Yes, this is platform-specific code, and yes, it may rely on classes on
+ * certain platforms that are not part of the standard JDK. What we're trying to
+ * do, though, is to take something that's frequently desirable but inherently
+ * platform-specific -- opening a default browser -- and allow programmers (you,
+ * for example) to do so without worrying about dropping into native code or
+ * doing anything else similarly evil.
  * <p>
- * Anyway, this code is completely in Java and will run on all JDK 1.1-compliant systems without
- * modification or a need for additional libraries.  All classes that are required on certain
- * platforms to allow this to run are dynamically loaded at runtime via reflection and, if not
- * found, will not cause this to do anything other than returning an error when opening the
- * browser.
+ * Anyway, this code is completely in Java and will run on all JDK 1.1-compliant
+ * systems without modification or a need for additional libraries. All classes
+ * that are required on certain platforms to allow this to run are dynamically
+ * loaded at runtime via reflection and, if not found, will not cause this to do
+ * anything other than returning an error when opening the browser.
  * <p>
- * There are certain system requirements for this class, as it's running through Runtime.exec(),
- * which is Java's way of making a native system call.  Currently, this requires that a Macintosh
- * have a Finder which supports the GURL event, which is true for Mac OS 8.0 and 8.1 systems that
- * have the Internet Scripting AppleScript dictionary installed in the Scripting Additions folder
- * in the Extensions folder (which is installed by default as far as I know under Mac OS 8.0 and
- * 8.1), and for all Mac OS 8.5 and later systems.  On Windows, it only runs under Win32 systems
- * (Windows 95, 98, and NT 4.0, as well as later versions of all).  On other systems, this drops
- * back from the inherently platform-sensitive concept of a default browser and simply attempts
- * to launch Netscape via a shell command.
+ * There are certain system requirements for this class, as it's running through
+ * Runtime.exec(), which is Java's way of making a native system call.
+ * Currently, this requires that a Macintosh have a Finder which supports the
+ * GURL event, which is true for Mac OS 8.0 and 8.1 systems that have the
+ * Internet Scripting AppleScript dictionary installed in the Scripting
+ * Additions folder in the Extensions folder (which is installed by default as
+ * far as I know under Mac OS 8.0 and 8.1), and for all Mac OS 8.5 and later
+ * systems. On Windows, it only runs under Win32 systems (Windows 95, 98, and NT
+ * 4.0, as well as later versions of all). On other systems, this drops back
+ * from the inherently platform-sensitive concept of a default browser and
+ * simply attempts to launch Netscape via a shell command.
  * <p>
- * This code is Copyright 1999-2001 by Eric Albert (ejalbert\@cs.stanford.edu) and may be
- * redistributed or modified in any form without restrictions as long as the portion of this
- * comment from this paragraph through the end of the comment is not removed.  The author
- * requests that he be notified of any application, applet, or other binary that makes use of
- * this code, but that's more out of curiosity than anything and is not required.  This software
- * includes no warranty.  The author is not repsonsible for any loss of data or functionality
- * or any adverse or unexpected effects of using this software.
+ * This code is Copyright 1999-2001 by Eric Albert (ejalbert\@cs.stanford.edu)
+ * and may be redistributed or modified in any form without restrictions as long
+ * as the portion of this comment from this paragraph through the end of the
+ * comment is not removed. The author requests that he be notified of any
+ * application, applet, or other binary that makes use of this code, but that's
+ * more out of curiosity than anything and is not required. This software
+ * includes no warranty. The author is not repsonsible for any loss of data or
+ * functionality or any adverse or unexpected effects of using this software.
  * <p>
- * Credits:
- * <br>Steven Spencer, JavaWorld magazine (<a href="http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/javatips/jw-javatip66.html">Java Tip 66</a>)
- * <br>Thanks also to Ron B. Yeh, Eric Shapiro, Ben Engber, Paul Teitlebaum, Andrea Cantatore,
- * Larry Barowski, Trevor Bedzek, Frank Miedrich, and Ron Rabakukk
- *
- * @author Eric Albert (<a href="mailto:ejalbert@cs.stanford.edu">ejalbert@cs.stanford.edu</a>)
+ * Credits: <br>
+ * Steven Spencer, JavaWorld magazine (<a
+ * href="http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/javatips/jw-javatip66.html">Java Tip
+ * 66</a>) <br>
+ * Thanks also to Ron B. Yeh, Eric Shapiro, Ben Engber, Paul Teitlebaum, Andrea
+ * Cantatore, Larry Barowski, Trevor Bedzek, Frank Miedrich, and Ron Rabakukk
+ * 
+ * @author Eric Albert (<a
+ *         href="mailto:ejalbert@cs.stanford.edu">ejalbert@cs.stanford.edu</a>)
  * @version 1.4b1 (Released June 20, 2001)
  */
-public class BrowserLauncher {
+public class BrowserLauncher
+{
+  /**
+   * The Java virtual machine that we are running on. Actually, in most cases we
+   * only care about the operating system, but some operating systems require us
+   * to switch on the VM.
+   */
+  private static int jvm;
 
-        /**
-         * The Java virtual machine that we are running on.  Actually, in most cases we only care
-         * about the operating system, but some operating systems require us to switch on the VM. */
-        private static int jvm;
+  /** The browser for the system */
+  private static Object browser;
 
-        /** The browser for the system */
-        private static Object browser;
+  /**
+   * Caches whether any classes, methods, and fields that are not part of the
+   * JDK and need to be dynamically loaded at runtime loaded successfully.
+   * <p>
+   * Note that if this is <code>false</code>, <code>openURL()</code> will always
+   * return an IOException.
+   */
+  private static boolean loadedWithoutErrors;
 
-        /**
-         * Caches whether any classes, methods, and fields that are not part of the JDK and need to
-         * be dynamically loaded at runtime loaded successfully.
-         * <p>
-         * Note that if this is <code>false</code>, <code>openURL()</code> will always return an
-         * IOException.
-         */
-        private static boolean loadedWithoutErrors;
+  /** The com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils class */
+  private static Class mrjFileUtilsClass;
 
-        /** The com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils class */
-        private static Class mrjFileUtilsClass;
+  /** The com.apple.mrj.MRJOSType class */
+  private static Class mrjOSTypeClass;
 
-        /** The com.apple.mrj.MRJOSType class */
-        private static Class mrjOSTypeClass;
+  /** The com.apple.MacOS.AEDesc class */
+  private static Class aeDescClass;
 
-        /** The com.apple.MacOS.AEDesc class */
-        private static Class aeDescClass;
+  /** The &lt;init&gt;(int) method of com.apple.MacOS.AETarget */
+  private static Constructor aeTargetConstructor;
 
-        /** The &lt;init&gt;(int) method of com.apple.MacOS.AETarget */
-        private static Constructor aeTargetConstructor;
+  /** The &lt;init&gt;(int, int, int) method of com.apple.MacOS.AppleEvent */
+  private static Constructor appleEventConstructor;
 
-        /** The &lt;init&gt;(int, int, int) method of com.apple.MacOS.AppleEvent */
-        private static Constructor appleEventConstructor;
+  /** The &lt;init&gt;(String) method of com.apple.MacOS.AEDesc */
+  private static Constructor aeDescConstructor;
 
-        /** The &lt;init&gt;(String) method of com.apple.MacOS.AEDesc */
-        private static Constructor aeDescConstructor;
+  /** The findFolder method of com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils */
+  private static Method findFolder;
 
-        /** The findFolder method of com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils */
-        private static Method findFolder;
+  /** The getFileCreator method of com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils */
+  private static Method getFileCreator;
 
-        /** The getFileCreator method of com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils */
-        private static Method getFileCreator;
+  /** The getFileType method of com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils */
+  private static Method getFileType;
 
-        /** The getFileType method of com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils */
-        private static Method getFileType;
+  /** The openURL method of com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils */
+  private static Method openURL;
 
-        /** The openURL method of com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils */
-        private static Method openURL;
+  /** The makeOSType method of com.apple.MacOS.OSUtils */
+  private static Method makeOSType;
 
-        /** The makeOSType method of com.apple.MacOS.OSUtils */
-        private static Method makeOSType;
+  /** The putParameter method of com.apple.MacOS.AppleEvent */
+  private static Method putParameter;
 
-        /** The putParameter method of com.apple.MacOS.AppleEvent */
-        private static Method putParameter;
+  /** The sendNoReply method of com.apple.MacOS.AppleEvent */
+  private static Method sendNoReply;
 
-        /** The sendNoReply method of com.apple.MacOS.AppleEvent */
-        private static Method sendNoReply;
-
-        /** Actually an MRJOSType pointing to the System Folder on a Macintosh */
-        private static Object kSystemFolderType;
-
-        /** The keyDirectObject AppleEvent parameter type */
-        private static Integer keyDirectObject;
-
-        /** The kAutoGenerateReturnID AppleEvent code */
-        private static Integer kAutoGenerateReturnID;
-
-        /** The kAnyTransactionID AppleEvent code */
-        private static Integer kAnyTransactionID;
-
-        /** The linkage object required for JDirect 3 on Mac OS X. */
-        private static Object linkage;
-
-        /** The framework to reference on Mac OS X */
-        private static final String JDirect_MacOSX = "/System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Frameworks/HIToolbox.framework/HIToolbox";
-
-        /** JVM constant for MRJ 2.0 */
-        private static final int MRJ_2_0 = 0;
-
-        /** JVM constant for MRJ 2.1 or later */
-        private static final int MRJ_2_1 = 1;
-
-        /** JVM constant for Java on Mac OS X 10.0 (MRJ 3.0) */
-        private static final int MRJ_3_0 = 3;
-
-        /** JVM constant for MRJ 3.1 */
-        private static final int MRJ_3_1 = 4;
-
-        /** JVM constant for any Windows NT JVM */
-        private static final int WINDOWS_NT = 5;
-
-        /** JVM constant for any Windows 9x JVM */
-        private static final int WINDOWS_9x = 6;
-
-        /** JVM constant for any other platform */
-        private static final int OTHER = -1;
-
-        /**
-         * The file type of the Finder on a Macintosh.  Hardcoding "Finder" would keep non-U.S. English
-         * systems from working properly.
-         */
-        private static final String FINDER_TYPE = "FNDR";
-
-        /**
-         * The creator code of the Finder on a Macintosh, which is needed to send AppleEvents to the
-         * application.
-         */
-        private static final String FINDER_CREATOR = "MACS";
-
-        /** The name for the AppleEvent type corresponding to a GetURL event. */
-        private static final String GURL_EVENT = "GURL";
-
-        /**
-         * The first parameter that needs to be passed into Runtime.exec() to open the default web
-         * browser on Windows.
-         */
-    private static final String FIRST_WINDOWS_PARAMETER = "/c";
-
-    /** The second parameter for Runtime.exec() on Windows. */
-    private static final String SECOND_WINDOWS_PARAMETER = "start";
-
-    /**
-     * The third parameter for Runtime.exec() on Windows.  This is a "title"
-     * parameter that the command line expects.  Setting this parameter allows
-     * URLs containing spaces to work.
-     */
-    private static final String THIRD_WINDOWS_PARAMETER = "\"\"";
-
-        /**
-         * The shell parameters for Netscape that opens a given URL in an already-open copy of Netscape
-         * on many command-line systems.
-         */
-        private static final String NETSCAPE_REMOTE_PARAMETER = "-remote";
-        private static final String NETSCAPE_OPEN_PARAMETER_START = "openURL(";
-        private static final String NETSCAPE_OPEN_NEW_WINDOW = ", new-window";
-        private static final String NETSCAPE_OPEN_PARAMETER_END = ")";
-
-        /**
-         * The message from any exception thrown throughout the initialization process.
-         */
-        private static String errorMessage;
-
-        /**
-         * An initialization block that determines the operating system and loads the necessary
-         * runtime data.
-         */
-        static {
-                loadedWithoutErrors = true;
-                String osName = System.getProperty("os.name");
-                if (osName.startsWith("Mac OS")) {
-                        String mrjVersion = System.getProperty("mrj.version");
-                        String majorMRJVersion = mrjVersion.substring(0, 3);
-                        try {
-                                double version = Double.valueOf(majorMRJVersion).doubleValue();
-                                if (version == 2) {
-                                        jvm = MRJ_2_0;
-                                } else if (version >= 2.1 && version < 3) {
-                                        // Assume that all 2.x versions of MRJ work the same.  MRJ 2.1 actually
-                                        // works via Runtime.exec() and 2.2 supports that but has an openURL() method
-                                        // as well that we currently ignore.
-                                        jvm = MRJ_2_1;
-                                } else if (version == 3.0) {
-                                        jvm = MRJ_3_0;
-                                } else if (version >= 3.1) {
-                                        // Assume that all 3.1 and later versions of MRJ work the same.
-                                        jvm = MRJ_3_1;
-                                } else {
-                                        loadedWithoutErrors = false;
-                                        errorMessage = "Unsupported MRJ version: " + version;
-                                }
-                        } catch (NumberFormatException nfe) {
-                                loadedWithoutErrors = false;
-                                errorMessage = "Invalid MRJ version: " + mrjVersion;
-                        }
-                } else if (osName.startsWith("Windows")) {
-                        if (osName.indexOf("9") != -1) {
-                                jvm = WINDOWS_9x;
-                        } else {
-                                jvm = WINDOWS_NT;
-                        }
-                } else {
-                        jvm = OTHER;
-                }
-
-                if (loadedWithoutErrors) {     // if we haven't hit any errors yet
-                        loadedWithoutErrors = loadClasses();
-                }
-        }
+  /** Actually an MRJOSType pointing to the System Folder on a Macintosh */
+  private static Object kSystemFolderType;
 
-        /**
-         * This class should be never be instantiated; this just ensures so.
-         */
-        private BrowserLauncher() { }
-
-        /**
-         * Called by a static initializer to load any classes, fields, and methods required at runtime
-         * to locate the user's web browser.
-         * @return <code>true</code> if all intialization succeeded
-         *                     <code>false</code> if any portion of the initialization failed
-         */
-        private static boolean loadClasses() {
-                switch (jvm) {
-                        case MRJ_2_0:
-                                try {
-                                        Class aeTargetClass = Class.forName("com.apple.MacOS.AETarget");
-                                        Class osUtilsClass = Class.forName("com.apple.MacOS.OSUtils");
-                                        Class appleEventClass = Class.forName("com.apple.MacOS.AppleEvent");
-                                        Class aeClass = Class.forName("com.apple.MacOS.ae");
-                                        aeDescClass = Class.forName("com.apple.MacOS.AEDesc");
-
-                                        aeTargetConstructor = aeTargetClass.getDeclaredConstructor(new Class [] { int.class });
-                                        appleEventConstructor = appleEventClass.getDeclaredConstructor(new Class[] { int.class, int.class, aeTargetClass, int.class, int.class });
-                                        aeDescConstructor = aeDescClass.getDeclaredConstructor(new Class[] { String.class });
-
-                                        makeOSType = osUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod("makeOSType", new Class [] { String.class });
-                                        putParameter = appleEventClass.getDeclaredMethod("putParameter", new Class[] { int.class, aeDescClass });
-                                        sendNoReply = appleEventClass.getDeclaredMethod("sendNoReply", new Class[] { });
-
-                                        Field keyDirectObjectField = aeClass.getDeclaredField("keyDirectObject");
-                                        keyDirectObject = (Integer) keyDirectObjectField.get(null);
-                                        Field autoGenerateReturnIDField = appleEventClass.getDeclaredField("kAutoGenerateReturnID");
-                                        kAutoGenerateReturnID = (Integer) autoGenerateReturnIDField.get(null);
-                                        Field anyTransactionIDField = appleEventClass.getDeclaredField("kAnyTransactionID");
-                                        kAnyTransactionID = (Integer) anyTransactionIDField.get(null);
-                                } catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
-                                        errorMessage = cnfe.getMessage();
-                                        return false;
-                                } catch (NoSuchMethodException nsme) {
-                                        errorMessage = nsme.getMessage();
-                                        return false;
-                                } catch (NoSuchFieldException nsfe) {
-                                        errorMessage = nsfe.getMessage();
-                                        return false;
-                                } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
-                                        errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
-                                        return false;
-                                }
-                                break;
-                        case MRJ_2_1:
-                                try {
-                                        mrjFileUtilsClass = Class.forName("com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils");
-                                        mrjOSTypeClass = Class.forName("com.apple.mrj.MRJOSType");
-                                        Field systemFolderField = mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredField("kSystemFolderType");
-                                        kSystemFolderType = systemFolderField.get(null);
-                                        findFolder = mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod("findFolder", new Class[] { mrjOSTypeClass });
-                                        getFileCreator = mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod("getFileCreator", new Class[] { File.class });
-                                        getFileType = mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod("getFileType", new Class[] { File.class });
-                                } catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
-                                        errorMessage = cnfe.getMessage();
-                                        return false;
-                                } catch (NoSuchFieldException nsfe) {
-                                        errorMessage = nsfe.getMessage();
-                                        return false;
-                                } catch (NoSuchMethodException nsme) {
-                                        errorMessage = nsme.getMessage();
-                                        return false;
-                                } catch (SecurityException se) {
-                                        errorMessage = se.getMessage();
-                                        return false;
-                                } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
-                                        errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
-                                        return false;
-                                }
-                                break;
-                        case MRJ_3_0:
-                            try {
-                                        Class linker = Class.forName("com.apple.mrj.jdirect.Linker");
-                                        Constructor constructor = linker.getConstructor(new Class[]{ Class.class });
-                                        linkage = constructor.newInstance(new Object[] { BrowserLauncher.class });
-                                } catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
-                                        errorMessage = cnfe.getMessage();
-                                        return false;
-                                } catch (NoSuchMethodException nsme) {
-                                        errorMessage = nsme.getMessage();
-                                        return false;
-                                } catch (InvocationTargetException ite) {
-                                        errorMessage = ite.getMessage();
-                                        return false;
-                                } catch (InstantiationException ie) {
-                                        errorMessage = ie.getMessage();
-                                        return false;
-                                } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
-                                        errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
-                                        return false;
-                                }
-                                break;
-                        case MRJ_3_1:
-                                try {
-                                        mrjFileUtilsClass = Class.forName("com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils");
-                                        openURL = mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod("openURL", new Class[] { String.class });
-                                } catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe) {
-                                        errorMessage = cnfe.getMessage();
-                                        return false;
-                                } catch (NoSuchMethodException nsme) {
-                                        errorMessage = nsme.getMessage();
-                                        return false;
-                                }
-                                break;
-                        default:
-                            break;
-                }
-                return true;
-        }
+  /** The keyDirectObject AppleEvent parameter type */
+  private static Integer keyDirectObject;
 
-        /**
-         * Attempts to locate the default web browser on the local system.  Caches results so it
-         * only locates the browser once for each use of this class per JVM instance.
-         * @return The browser for the system.  Note that this may not be what you would consider
-         *                     to be a standard web browser; instead, it's the application that gets called to
-         *                     open the default web browser.  In some cases, this will be a non-String object
-         *                     that provides the means of calling the default browser.
-         */
-        private static Object locateBrowser() {
-                if (browser != null) {
-                        return browser;
-                }
-                switch (jvm) {
-                        case MRJ_2_0:
-                                try {
-                                        Integer finderCreatorCode = (Integer) makeOSType.invoke(null, new Object[] { FINDER_CREATOR });
-                                        Object aeTarget = aeTargetConstructor.newInstance(new Object[] { finderCreatorCode });
-                                        Integer gurlType = (Integer) makeOSType.invoke(null, new Object[] { GURL_EVENT });
-                                        Object appleEvent = appleEventConstructor.newInstance(new Object[] { gurlType, gurlType, aeTarget, kAutoGenerateReturnID, kAnyTransactionID });
-                                        // Don't set browser = appleEvent because then the next time we call
-                                        // locateBrowser(), we'll get the same AppleEvent, to which we'll already have
-                                        // added the relevant parameter. Instead, regenerate the AppleEvent every time.
-                                        // There's probably a way to do this better; if any has any ideas, please let
-                                        // me know.
-                                        return appleEvent;
-                                } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
-                                        browser = null;
-                                        errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
-                                        return browser;
-                                } catch (InstantiationException ie) {
-                                        browser = null;
-                                        errorMessage = ie.getMessage();
-                                        return browser;
-                                } catch (InvocationTargetException ite) {
-                                        browser = null;
-                                        errorMessage = ite.getMessage();
-                                        return browser;
-                                }
-                        case MRJ_2_1:
-                                File systemFolder;
-                                try {
-                                        systemFolder = (File) findFolder.invoke(null, new Object[] { kSystemFolderType });
-                                } catch (IllegalArgumentException iare) {
-                                        browser = null;
-                                        errorMessage = iare.getMessage();
-                                        return browser;
-                                } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
-                                        browser = null;
-                                        errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
-                                        return browser;
-                                } catch (InvocationTargetException ite) {
-                                        browser = null;
-                                        errorMessage = ite.getTargetException().getClass() + ": " + ite.getTargetException().getMessage();
-                                        return browser;
-                                }
-                                String[] systemFolderFiles = systemFolder.list();
-                                // Avoid a FilenameFilter because that can't be stopped mid-list
-                                for(int i = 0; i < systemFolderFiles.length; i++) {
-                                        try {
-                                                File file = new File(systemFolder, systemFolderFiles[i]);
-                                                if (!file.isFile()) {
-                                                        continue;
-                                                }
-                                                // We're looking for a file with a creator code of 'MACS' and
-                                                // a type of 'FNDR'.  Only requiring the type results in non-Finder
-                                                // applications being picked up on certain Mac OS 9 systems,
-                                                // especially German ones, and sending a GURL event to those
-                                                // applications results in a logout under Multiple Users.
-                                                Object fileType = getFileType.invoke(null, new Object[] { file });
-                                                if (FINDER_TYPE.equals(fileType.toString())) {
-                                                        Object fileCreator = getFileCreator.invoke(null, new Object[] { file });
-                                                        if (FINDER_CREATOR.equals(fileCreator.toString())) {
-                                                                browser = file.toString();     // Actually the Finder, but that's OK
-                                                                return browser;
-                                                        }
-                                                }
-                                        } catch (IllegalArgumentException iare) {
-                                                browser = browser;
-                                                errorMessage = iare.getMessage();
-                                                return null;
-                                        } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
-                                                browser = null;
-                                                errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
-                                                return browser;
-                                        } catch (InvocationTargetException ite) {
-                                                browser = null;
-                                                errorMessage = ite.getTargetException().getClass() + ": " + ite.getTargetException().getMessage();
-                                                return browser;
-                                        }
-                                }
-                                browser = null;
-                                break;
-                        case MRJ_3_0:
-                        case MRJ_3_1:
-                                browser = "";  // Return something non-null
-                                break;
-                        case WINDOWS_NT:
-                                browser = "cmd.exe";
-                                break;
-                        case WINDOWS_9x:
-                                browser = "command.com";
-                                break;
-                        case OTHER:
-                        default:
-                                browser = jalview.bin.Cache.applicationProperties.getProperty("jalview.browser");
-                                if (browser==null) {
-                                  // hope firefox exists :-/
-                                  browser = "firefox";
-                                }
-                                break;
-                }
-                return browser;
-        }
+  /** The kAutoGenerateReturnID AppleEvent code */
+  private static Integer kAutoGenerateReturnID;
+
+  /** The kAnyTransactionID AppleEvent code */
+  private static Integer kAnyTransactionID;
+
+  /** The linkage object required for JDirect 3 on Mac OS X. */
+  private static Object linkage;
+
+  /** The framework to reference on Mac OS X */
+  private static final String JDirect_MacOSX = "/System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Frameworks/HIToolbox.framework/HIToolbox";
+
+  /** JVM constant for MRJ 2.0 */
+  private static final int MRJ_2_0 = 0;
+
+  /** JVM constant for MRJ 2.1 or later */
+  private static final int MRJ_2_1 = 1;
+
+  /** JVM constant for Java on Mac OS X 10.0 (MRJ 3.0) */
+  private static final int MRJ_3_0 = 3;
+
+  /** JVM constant for MRJ 3.1 */
+  private static final int MRJ_3_1 = 4;
+
+  /** JVM constant for any Windows NT JVM */
+  private static final int WINDOWS_NT = 5;
+
+  /** JVM constant for any Windows 9x JVM */
+  private static final int WINDOWS_9x = 6;
+
+  /** JVM constant for any other platform */
+  private static final int OTHER = -1;
+
+  /**
+   * The file type of the Finder on a Macintosh. Hardcoding "Finder" would keep
+   * non-U.S. English systems from working properly.
+   */
+  private static final String FINDER_TYPE = "FNDR";
+
+  /**
+   * The creator code of the Finder on a Macintosh, which is needed to send
+   * AppleEvents to the application.
+   */
+  private static final String FINDER_CREATOR = "MACS";
+
+  /** The name for the AppleEvent type corresponding to a GetURL event. */
+  private static final String GURL_EVENT = "GURL";
+
+  /**
+   * The first parameter that needs to be passed into Runtime.exec() to open the
+   * default web browser on Windows.
+   */
+  private static final String FIRST_WINDOWS_PARAMETER = "/c";
+
+  /** The second parameter for Runtime.exec() on Windows. */
+  private static final String SECOND_WINDOWS_PARAMETER = "start";
+
+  /**
+   * The third parameter for Runtime.exec() on Windows. This is a "title"
+   * parameter that the command line expects. Setting this parameter allows URLs
+   * containing spaces to work.
+   */
+  private static final String THIRD_WINDOWS_PARAMETER = "\"\"";
+
+  /**
+   * The shell parameters for Netscape that opens a given URL in an already-open
+   * copy of Netscape on many command-line systems.
+   */
+  private static final String NETSCAPE_REMOTE_PARAMETER = "-remote";
 
-        /**
-         * Attempts to open the default web browser to the given URL.
-         * @param url The URL to open
-         * @throws IOException If the web browser could not be located or does not run
-         */
-        public static void openURL(String url) throws IOException {
-                if (!loadedWithoutErrors) {
-                        throw new IOException("Exception in finding browser: " + errorMessage);
-                }
-                Object browser = locateBrowser();
-                if (browser == null) {
-                        throw new IOException("Unable to locate browser: " + errorMessage);
-                }
-
-                switch (jvm) {
-                        case MRJ_2_0:
-                                Object aeDesc = null;
-                                try {
-                                        aeDesc = aeDescConstructor.newInstance(new Object[] { url });
-                                        putParameter.invoke(browser, new Object[] { keyDirectObject, aeDesc });
-                                        sendNoReply.invoke(browser, new Object[] { });
-                                } catch (InvocationTargetException ite) {
-                                        throw new IOException("InvocationTargetException while creating AEDesc: " + ite.getMessage());
-                                } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
-                                        throw new IOException("IllegalAccessException while building AppleEvent: " + iae.getMessage());
-                                } catch (InstantiationException ie) {
-                                        throw new IOException("InstantiationException while creating AEDesc: " + ie.getMessage());
-                                } finally {
-                                        aeDesc = null; // Encourage it to get disposed if it was created
-                                        browser = null;        // Ditto
-                                }
-                                break;
-                        case MRJ_2_1:
-                                Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[] { (String) browser, url } );
-                                break;
-                        case MRJ_3_0:
-                                int[] instance = new int[1];
-                                int result = ICStart(instance, 0);
-                                if (result == 0) {
-                                        int[] selectionStart = new int[] { 0 };
-                                        byte[] urlBytes = url.getBytes();
-                                        int[] selectionEnd = new int[] { urlBytes.length };
-                                        result = ICLaunchURL(instance[0], new byte[] { 0 }, urlBytes,
-                                                                                        urlBytes.length, selectionStart,
-                                                                                        selectionEnd);
-                                        if (result == 0) {
-                                                // Ignore the return value; the URL was launched successfully
-                                                // regardless of what happens here.
-                                                ICStop(instance);
-                                        } else {
-                                                throw new IOException("Unable to launch URL: " + result);
-                                        }
-                                } else {
-                                        throw new IOException("Unable to create an Internet Config instance: " + result);
-                                }
-                                break;
-                        case MRJ_3_1:
-                                try {
-                                        openURL.invoke(null, new Object[] { url });
-                                } catch (InvocationTargetException ite) {
-                                        throw new IOException("InvocationTargetException while calling openURL: " + ite.getMessage());
-                                } catch (IllegalAccessException iae) {
-                                        throw new IOException("IllegalAccessException while calling openURL: " + iae.getMessage());
-                                }
-                                break;
-                    case WINDOWS_NT:
-                    case WINDOWS_9x:
-                            // Add quotes around the URL to allow ampersands and other special
-                            // characters to work.
-                                Process process = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[] { (String) browser,
-                                                                                                                                FIRST_WINDOWS_PARAMETER,
-                                                                                                                                SECOND_WINDOWS_PARAMETER,
-                                                                                                                                THIRD_WINDOWS_PARAMETER,
-                                                                                                                                '"' + url + '"' });
-                                // This avoids a memory leak on some versions of Java on Windows.
-                                // That's hinted at in <http://developer.java.sun.com/developer/qow/archive/68/>.
-                                try {
-                                        process.waitFor();
-                                        process.exitValue();
-                                } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
-                                        throw new IOException("InterruptedException while launching browser: " + ie.getMessage());
-                                }
-                                break;
-                        case OTHER:
-                                // Assume that we're on Unix and that Netscape (actually Firefox) is installed
-
-                                // First, attempt to open the URL in a currently running session of Netscape
-
-                        // JBPNote log debug
-    /* System.out.println("Executing : "+browser+" "+
-                                                                                                        NETSCAPE_REMOTE_PARAMETER+" "+
-                                                                                                        NETSCAPE_OPEN_PARAMETER_START +
-                                                                                                        url +
-                                                                                                        NETSCAPE_OPEN_NEW_WINDOW +
-                                                                                                        NETSCAPE_OPEN_PARAMETER_END);
-     */
-                            process = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[] { (String) browser,
-                                                                                                        NETSCAPE_REMOTE_PARAMETER,
-                                                                                                        NETSCAPE_OPEN_PARAMETER_START +
-                                                                                                        url +
-                                                                                                        NETSCAPE_OPEN_NEW_WINDOW +
-                                                                                                        NETSCAPE_OPEN_PARAMETER_END });
-                                try {
-                                        int exitCode = process.waitFor();
-                                        if (exitCode != 0) {   // if Netscape was not open
-       // JBPNote log debug
-       //       System.out.println("Executing : "+browser+" "+url+"\n");
-       Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[] { (String) browser, url });
-                                        }
-                                } catch (InterruptedException ie) {
-                                        throw new IOException("InterruptedException while launching browser: " + ie.getMessage());
-                                }
-                                break;
-                        default:
-                                // This should never occur, but if it does, we'll try the simplest thing possible
-                                Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[] { (String) browser, url });
-                                break;
-                }
+  private static final String NETSCAPE_OPEN_PARAMETER_START = "openURL(";
+
+  private static final String NETSCAPE_OPEN_NEW_WINDOW = ", new-window";
+
+  private static final String NETSCAPE_OPEN_PARAMETER_END = ")";
+
+  /**
+   * The message from any exception thrown throughout the initialization
+   * process.
+   */
+  private static String errorMessage;
+
+  /**
+   * An initialization block that determines the operating system and loads the
+   * necessary runtime data.
+   */
+  static
+  {
+    loadedWithoutErrors = true;
+
+    String osName = System.getProperty("os.name");
+
+    if (osName.startsWith("Mac OS"))
+    {
+      String mrjVersion = System.getProperty("mrj.version");
+      String majorMRJVersion = mrjVersion.substring(0, 3);
+
+      try
+      {
+        double version = Double.valueOf(majorMRJVersion).doubleValue();
+
+        if (version == 2)
+        {
+          jvm = MRJ_2_0;
+        }
+        else if ((version >= 2.1) && (version < 3))
+        {
+          // Assume that all 2.x versions of MRJ work the same. MRJ 2.1 actually
+          // works via Runtime.exec() and 2.2 supports that but has an openURL()
+          // method
+          // as well that we currently ignore.
+          jvm = MRJ_2_1;
+        }
+        else if (version == 3.0)
+        {
+          jvm = MRJ_3_0;
+        }
+        else if (version >= 3.1)
+        {
+          // Assume that all 3.1 and later versions of MRJ work the same.
+          jvm = MRJ_3_1;
         }
+        else
+        {
+          loadedWithoutErrors = false;
+          errorMessage = "Unsupported MRJ version: " + version;
+        }
+      } catch (NumberFormatException nfe)
+      {
+        loadedWithoutErrors = false;
+        errorMessage = "Invalid MRJ version: " + mrjVersion;
+      }
+    }
+    else if (osName.startsWith("Windows"))
+    {
+      if (osName.indexOf("9") != -1)
+      {
+        jvm = WINDOWS_9x;
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        jvm = WINDOWS_NT;
+      }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      jvm = OTHER;
+    }
+
+    if (loadedWithoutErrors)
+    { // if we haven't hit any errors yet
+      loadedWithoutErrors = loadClasses();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This class should be never be instantiated; this just ensures so.
+   */
+  private BrowserLauncher()
+  {
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Called by a static initializer to load any classes, fields, and methods
+   * required at runtime to locate the user's web browser.
+   * 
+   * @return <code>true</code> if all intialization succeeded <code>false</code>
+   *         if any portion of the initialization failed
+   */
+  private static boolean loadClasses()
+  {
+    switch (jvm)
+    {
+    case MRJ_2_0:
+
+      try
+      {
+        Class aeTargetClass = Class.forName("com.apple.MacOS.AETarget");
+        Class osUtilsClass = Class.forName("com.apple.MacOS.OSUtils");
+        Class appleEventClass = Class.forName("com.apple.MacOS.AppleEvent");
+        Class aeClass = Class.forName("com.apple.MacOS.ae");
+        aeDescClass = Class.forName("com.apple.MacOS.AEDesc");
+
+        aeTargetConstructor = aeTargetClass
+                .getDeclaredConstructor(new Class[]
+                { int.class });
+        appleEventConstructor = appleEventClass
+                .getDeclaredConstructor(new Class[]
+                { int.class, int.class, aeTargetClass, int.class, int.class });
+        aeDescConstructor = aeDescClass.getDeclaredConstructor(new Class[]
+        { String.class });
+
+        makeOSType = osUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod("makeOSType",
+                new Class[]
+                { String.class });
+        putParameter = appleEventClass.getDeclaredMethod("putParameter",
+                new Class[]
+                { int.class, aeDescClass });
+        sendNoReply = appleEventClass.getDeclaredMethod("sendNoReply",
+                new Class[]
+                {});
+
+        Field keyDirectObjectField = aeClass
+                .getDeclaredField("keyDirectObject");
+        keyDirectObject = (Integer) keyDirectObjectField.get(null);
+
+        Field autoGenerateReturnIDField = appleEventClass
+                .getDeclaredField("kAutoGenerateReturnID");
+        kAutoGenerateReturnID = (Integer) autoGenerateReturnIDField
+                .get(null);
+
+        Field anyTransactionIDField = appleEventClass
+                .getDeclaredField("kAnyTransactionID");
+        kAnyTransactionID = (Integer) anyTransactionIDField.get(null);
+      } catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe)
+      {
+        errorMessage = cnfe.getMessage();
+
+        return false;
+      } catch (NoSuchMethodException nsme)
+      {
+        errorMessage = nsme.getMessage();
+
+        return false;
+      } catch (NoSuchFieldException nsfe)
+      {
+        errorMessage = nsfe.getMessage();
+
+        return false;
+      } catch (IllegalAccessException iae)
+      {
+        errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
+
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case MRJ_2_1:
+
+      try
+      {
+        mrjFileUtilsClass = Class.forName("com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils");
+        mrjOSTypeClass = Class.forName("com.apple.mrj.MRJOSType");
+
+        Field systemFolderField = mrjFileUtilsClass
+                .getDeclaredField("kSystemFolderType");
+        kSystemFolderType = systemFolderField.get(null);
+        findFolder = mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod("findFolder",
+                new Class[]
+                { mrjOSTypeClass });
+        getFileCreator = mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod(
+                "getFileCreator", new Class[]
+                { File.class });
+        getFileType = mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod("getFileType",
+                new Class[]
+                { File.class });
+      } catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe)
+      {
+        errorMessage = cnfe.getMessage();
+
+        return false;
+      } catch (NoSuchFieldException nsfe)
+      {
+        errorMessage = nsfe.getMessage();
+
+        return false;
+      } catch (NoSuchMethodException nsme)
+      {
+        errorMessage = nsme.getMessage();
+
+        return false;
+      } catch (SecurityException se)
+      {
+        errorMessage = se.getMessage();
+
+        return false;
+      } catch (IllegalAccessException iae)
+      {
+        errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
+
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case MRJ_3_0:
+
+      try
+      {
+        Class linker = Class.forName("com.apple.mrj.jdirect.Linker");
+        Constructor constructor = linker.getConstructor(new Class[]
+        { Class.class });
+        linkage = constructor.newInstance(new Object[]
+        { BrowserLauncher.class });
+      } catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe)
+      {
+        errorMessage = cnfe.getMessage();
+
+        return false;
+      } catch (NoSuchMethodException nsme)
+      {
+        errorMessage = nsme.getMessage();
+
+        return false;
+      } catch (InvocationTargetException ite)
+      {
+        errorMessage = ite.getMessage();
+
+        return false;
+      } catch (InstantiationException ie)
+      {
+        errorMessage = ie.getMessage();
+
+        return false;
+      } catch (IllegalAccessException iae)
+      {
+        errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
+
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case MRJ_3_1:
+
+      try
+      {
+        mrjFileUtilsClass = Class.forName("com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils");
+        openURL = mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod("openURL",
+                new Class[]
+                { String.class });
+      } catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe)
+      {
+        errorMessage = cnfe.getMessage();
+
+        return false;
+      } catch (NoSuchMethodException nsme)
+      {
+        errorMessage = nsme.getMessage();
+
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to locate the default web browser on the local system. s results
+   * so it only locates the browser once for each use of this class per JVM
+   * instance.
+   * 
+   * @return The browser for the system. Note that this may not be what you
+   *         would consider to be a standard web browser; instead, it's the
+   *         application that gets called to open the default web browser. In
+   *         some cases, this will be a non-String object that provides the
+   *         means of calling the default browser.
+   */
+  private static Object locateBrowser()
+  {
+    if (browser != null)
+    {
+      return browser;
+    }
+
+    switch (jvm)
+    {
+    case MRJ_2_0:
+
+      try
+      {
+        Integer finderCreatorCode = (Integer) makeOSType.invoke(null,
+                new Object[]
+                { FINDER_CREATOR });
+        Object aeTarget = aeTargetConstructor.newInstance(new Object[]
+        { finderCreatorCode });
+        Integer gurlType = (Integer) makeOSType.invoke(null, new Object[]
+        { GURL_EVENT });
+        Object appleEvent = appleEventConstructor.newInstance(new Object[]
+        { gurlType, gurlType, aeTarget, kAutoGenerateReturnID,
+            kAnyTransactionID });
+
+        // Don't set browser = appleEvent because then the next time we call
+        // locateBrowser(), we'll get the same AppleEvent, to which we'll
+        // already have
+        // added the relevant parameter. Instead, regenerate the AppleEvent
+        // every time.
+        // There's probably a way to do this better; if any has any ideas,
+        // please let
+        // me know.
+        return appleEvent;
+      } catch (IllegalAccessException iae)
+      {
+        browser = null;
+        errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
+
+        return browser;
+      } catch (InstantiationException ie)
+      {
+        browser = null;
+        errorMessage = ie.getMessage();
+
+        return browser;
+      } catch (InvocationTargetException ite)
+      {
+        browser = null;
+        errorMessage = ite.getMessage();
+
+        return browser;
+      }
+
+    case MRJ_2_1:
+
+      File systemFolder;
+
+      try
+      {
+        systemFolder = (File) findFolder.invoke(null, new Object[]
+        { kSystemFolderType });
+      } catch (IllegalArgumentException iare)
+      {
+        browser = null;
+        errorMessage = iare.getMessage();
+
+        return browser;
+      } catch (IllegalAccessException iae)
+      {
+        browser = null;
+        errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
+
+        return browser;
+      } catch (InvocationTargetException ite)
+      {
+        browser = null;
+        errorMessage = ite.getTargetException().getClass() + ": "
+                + ite.getTargetException().getMessage();
+
+        return browser;
+      }
+
+      String[] systemFolderFiles = systemFolder.list();
+
+      // Avoid a FilenameFilter because that can't be stopped mid-list
+      for (int i = 0; i < systemFolderFiles.length; i++)
+      {
+        try
+        {
+          File file = new File(systemFolder, systemFolderFiles[i]);
+
+          if (!file.isFile())
+          {
+            continue;
+          }
+
+          // We're looking for a file with a creator code of 'MACS' and
+          // a type of 'FNDR'. Only requiring the type results in non-Finder
+          // applications being picked up on certain Mac OS 9 systems,
+          // especially German ones, and sending a GURL event to those
+          // applications results in a logout under Multiple Users.
+          Object fileType = getFileType.invoke(null, new Object[]
+          { file });
+
+          if (FINDER_TYPE.equals(fileType.toString()))
+          {
+            Object fileCreator = getFileCreator.invoke(null, new Object[]
+            { file });
+
+            if (FINDER_CREATOR.equals(fileCreator.toString()))
+            {
+              browser = file.toString(); // Actually the Finder, but that's OK
+
+              return browser;
+            }
+          }
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException iare)
+        {
+          errorMessage = iare.getMessage();
+
+          return null;
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException iae)
+        {
+          browser = null;
+          errorMessage = iae.getMessage();
+
+          return browser;
+        } catch (InvocationTargetException ite)
+        {
+          browser = null;
+          errorMessage = ite.getTargetException().getClass() + ": "
+                  + ite.getTargetException().getMessage();
+
+          return browser;
+        }
+      }
+
+      browser = null;
+
+      break;
+
+    case MRJ_3_0:
+    case MRJ_3_1:
+      browser = ""; // Return something non-null
+
+      break;
+
+    case WINDOWS_NT:
+      browser = "cmd.exe";
+
+      break;
+
+    case WINDOWS_9x:
+      browser = "command.com";
+
+      break;
+
+    case OTHER:
+    default:
+      browser = jalview.bin.Cache.getDefault("DEFAULT_BROWSER", "firefox");
+
+      break;
+    }
+
+    return browser;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * used to ensure that browser is up-to-date after a configuration change
+   * (Unix DEFAULT_BROWSER property change).
+   */
+  public static void resetBrowser()
+  {
+    browser = null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to open the default web browser to the given URL.
+   * 
+   * @param url
+   *          The URL to open
+   * @throws IOException
+   *           If the web browser could not be located or does not run
+   */
+  public static void openURL(String url) throws IOException
+  {
+    if (!loadedWithoutErrors)
+    {
+      throw new IOException("Exception in finding browser: " + errorMessage);
+    }
+
+    Object browser = locateBrowser();
+
+    if (browser == null)
+    {
+      throw new IOException("Unable to locate browser: " + errorMessage);
+    }
+
+    switch (jvm)
+    {
+    case MRJ_2_0:
+
+      Object aeDesc = null;
+
+      try
+      {
+        aeDesc = aeDescConstructor.newInstance(new Object[]
+        { url });
+        putParameter.invoke(browser, new Object[]
+        { keyDirectObject, aeDesc });
+        sendNoReply.invoke(browser, new Object[]
+        {});
+      } catch (InvocationTargetException ite)
+      {
+        throw new IOException(
+                "InvocationTargetException while creating AEDesc: "
+                        + ite.getMessage());
+      } catch (IllegalAccessException iae)
+      {
+        throw new IOException(
+                "IllegalAccessException while building AppleEvent: "
+                        + iae.getMessage());
+      } catch (InstantiationException ie)
+      {
+        throw new IOException(
+                "InstantiationException while creating AEDesc: "
+                        + ie.getMessage());
+      } finally
+      {
+        aeDesc = null; // Encourage it to get disposed if it was created
+        browser = null; // Ditto
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case MRJ_2_1:
+      Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[]
+      { (String) browser, url });
+
+      break;
+
+    case MRJ_3_0:
+
+      int[] instance = new int[1];
+      int result = ICStart(instance, 0);
+
+      if (result == 0)
+      {
+        int[] selectionStart = new int[]
+        { 0 };
+        byte[] urlBytes = url.getBytes();
+        int[] selectionEnd = new int[]
+        { urlBytes.length };
+        result = ICLaunchURL(instance[0], new byte[]
+        { 0 }, urlBytes, urlBytes.length, selectionStart, selectionEnd);
+
+        if (result == 0)
+        {
+          // Ignore the return value; the URL was launched successfully
+          // regardless of what happens here.
+          ICStop(instance);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+          throw new IOException("Unable to launch URL: " + result);
+        }
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        throw new IOException(
+                "Unable to create an Internet Config instance: " + result);
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case MRJ_3_1:
+
+      try
+      {
+        openURL.invoke(null, new Object[]
+        { url });
+      } catch (InvocationTargetException ite)
+      {
+        throw new IOException(
+                "InvocationTargetException while calling openURL: "
+                        + ite.getMessage());
+      } catch (IllegalAccessException iae)
+      {
+        throw new IOException(
+                "IllegalAccessException while calling openURL: "
+                        + iae.getMessage());
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case WINDOWS_NT:
+    case WINDOWS_9x:
+
+      // Add quotes around the URL to allow ampersands and other special
+      // characters to work.
+      Process process = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(
+              new String[]
+              { (String) browser, FIRST_WINDOWS_PARAMETER,
+                  SECOND_WINDOWS_PARAMETER, THIRD_WINDOWS_PARAMETER,
+                  '"' + url + '"' });
+
+      // This avoids a memory leak on some versions of Java on Windows.
+      // That's hinted at in
+      // <http://developer.java.sun.com/developer/qow/archive/68/>.
+      try
+      {
+        process.waitFor();
+        process.exitValue();
+      } catch (InterruptedException ie)
+      {
+        throw new IOException(
+                "InterruptedException while launching browser: "
+                        + ie.getMessage());
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case OTHER:
+
+      // Assume that we're on Unix and that Netscape (actually Firefox) is
+      // installed
+      // First, attempt to open the URL in a currently running session of
+      // Netscape
+      // JBPNote log debug
+
+      /*
+       * System.out.println("Executing : "+browser+" "+
+       * NETSCAPE_REMOTE_PARAMETER+" "+ NETSCAPE_OPEN_PARAMETER_START + url +
+       * NETSCAPE_OPEN_NEW_WINDOW + NETSCAPE_OPEN_PARAMETER_END);
+       */
+      process = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(
+              new String[]
+              {
+                  (String) browser,
+                  NETSCAPE_REMOTE_PARAMETER,
+
+                  NETSCAPE_OPEN_PARAMETER_START + url
+                          + NETSCAPE_OPEN_NEW_WINDOW
+                          + NETSCAPE_OPEN_PARAMETER_END });
+
+      try
+      {
+        int exitCode = process.waitFor();
+
+        if (exitCode != 0)
+        { // if Netscape was not open
+          Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[]
+          { (String) browser, url });
+        }
+      } catch (InterruptedException ie)
+      {
+        throw new IOException(
+                "InterruptedException while launching browser: "
+                        + ie.getMessage());
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    default:
+
+      // This should never occur, but if it does, we'll try the simplest thing
+      // possible
+      Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[]
+      { (String) browser, url });
+
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Methods required for Mac OS X. The presence of native methods does not
+   * cause any problems on other platforms.
+   */
+  private native static int ICStart(int[] instance, int signature);
+
+  private native static int ICStop(int[] instance);
 
-        /**
-         * Methods required for Mac OS X.  The presence of native methods does not cause
-         * any problems on other platforms.
-         */
-        private native static int ICStart(int[] instance, int signature);
-        private native static int ICStop(int[] instance);
-        private native static int ICLaunchURL(int instance, byte[] hint, byte[] data, int len,
-                                                                                        int[] selectionStart, int[] selectionEnd);
+  private native static int ICLaunchURL(int instance, byte[] hint,
+          byte[] data, int len, int[] selectionStart, int[] selectionEnd);
 }